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Info file readline.info, produced by Makeinfo, -*- Text -*- from input file rlman.texinfo. This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need to provide a command line interface. Copyright (C) 1988, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation.  File: readline.info, Node: Top, Next: Command Line Editing, Prev: (DIR), Up: (DIR) GNU Readline Library ******************** This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility which aids in the consistency of user interface across discrete programs that need to provide a command line interface. * Menu: * Command Line Editing:: GNU Readline User's Manual. * Programming with GNU Readline:: GNU Readline Programmer's Manual. * Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual. * Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions and variables.  File: readline.info, Node: Command Line Editing, Next: Programming with GNU Readline, Prev: Top, Up: Top Command Line Editing ******************** This text describes GNU's command line editing interface. * Menu: * Introduction and Notation:: Notation used in this text. * Readline Interaction:: The minimum set of commands for editing a line. * Readline Init File:: Customizing Readline from a user's view.  File: readline.info, Node: Introduction and Notation, Next: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing Introduction to Line Editing ============================ The following paragraphs describe the notation we use to represent keystrokes. The text C-k is read as `Control-K' and describes the character produced when the Control key is depressed and the k key is struck. The text M-k is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the k key is struck. If you do not have a meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing ESC first, and then typing k. Either process is known as "metafying" the k key. The text M-C-k is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the character produced by "metafying" C-k. In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, DEL, ESC, LFD, SPC, RET, and TAB all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::., for more info).  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Interaction, Next: Readline Init File, Prev: Introduction and Notation, Up: Command Line Editing Readline Interaction ==================== Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press RETURN. You do not have to be at the end of the line to press RETURN; the entire line is accepted regardless of the location of the cursor within the line. * Menu: * Readline Bare Essentials:: The least you need to know about Readline. * Readline Movement Commands:: Moving about the input line. * Readline Killing Commands:: How to delete text, and how to get it back! * Readline Arguments:: Giving numeric arguments to commands.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Bare Essentials, Next: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Bare Essentials ------------------------ In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use DEL to back up, and delete the mistyped character. Sometimes you may miss typing a character that you wanted to type, and not notice your error until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Aftwerwards, you can move the cursor to the right with C-f. When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters to the right of the cursor get `pushed over' to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor get `pulled back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the basic bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows. C-b Move back one character. C-f Move forward one character. DEL Delete the character to the left of the cursor. C-d Delete the character underneath the cursor. Printing characters Insert itself into the line at the cursor. C-_ Undo the last thing that you did. You can undo all the way back to an empty line.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Movement Commands, Next: Readline Killing Commands, Prev: Readline Bare Essentials, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Movement Commands -------------------------- The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, C-d, and DEL. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line. C-a Move to the start of the line. C-e Move to the end of the line. M-f Move forward a word. M-b Move backward a word. C-l Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top. Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Killing Commands, Next: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Movement Commands, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Killing Commands ------------------------- The act of "cutting" text means to delete the text from the line, and to save away the deleted text for later use, just as if you had cut the text out of the line with a pair of scissors. There is a "Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it away for later use, usually by "yanking" it back into the line. If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later. Here is the list of commands for killing text. C-k Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. M-d Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. M-DEL Kill fromthe cursor the start of the previous word, or if between words, to the start of the previous word. C-w Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than M-DEL because the word boundaries differ. And, here is how to "yank" the text back into the line. Yanking is C-y Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. M-y Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is C-y or M-y. When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring". Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so that when you yank it back, you get it in one clean sweep. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Arguments, Prev: Readline Killing Commands, Up: Readline Interaction Readline Arguments ------------------ You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the start of the line, you might type M-- C-k. The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' you type is a minus sign (-), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type M-1 0 C-d.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Init File, Prev: Readline Interaction, Up: Command Line Editing Readline Init File ================== Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings, it is possible that you would like to use a different set of keybindings. You can customize programs that use Readline by putting commands in an "init" file in your home directory. The name of this file is `~/.inputrc'. When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the `~/.inputrc' file is read, and the keybindings are set. In addition, the `C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus incorporating any changes that you might have made to it. * Menu: * Readline Init Syntax:: Syntax for the commands in `~/.inputrc'. * Readline Vi Mode:: Switching to `vi' mode in Readline.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Init Syntax, Next: Readline Vi Mode, Up: Readline Init File Readline Init Syntax -------------------- There are only four constructs allowed in the `~/.inputrc' file: Variable Settings You can change the state of a few variables in Readline. You do this by using the `set' command within the init file. Here is how you would specify that you wish to use Vi line editing commands: set editing-mode vi Right now, there are only a few variables which can be set; so few in fact, that we just iterate them here: `editing-mode' The `editing-mode' variable controls which editing mode you are using. By default, GNU Readline starts up in Emacs editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can either be set to `emacs' or `vi'. `horizontal-scroll-mode' This variable can either be set to `On' or `Off'. Setting it to `On' means that the text of the lines that you edit will scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are larger than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `Off'. `mark-modified-lines' This variable when set to `On', says to display an asterisk (`*') at the starts of history lines which have been modified. This variable is off by default. `prefer-visible-bell' If this variable is set to `On' it means to use a visible bell if one is available, rather than simply ringing the terminal bell. By default, the value is `Off'. Key Bindings The syntax for controlling keybindings in the `~/.inputrc' file is simple. First you have to know the name of the command that you want to change. The following pages contain tables of the command name, the default keybinding, and a short description of what the command does. Once you know the name of the command, simply place the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the command on a line in the `~/.inputrc' file. The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on which is most comfortable for you. KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: Control-u: universal-argument Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: ">&output" In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function `universal-argument', and `C-o' is bound to run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text `>&output' into the line). "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence can be specified. Simply place the key sequence in double quotes. GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example: "\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In the above example, `C-u' is bound to the function `universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example), `C-x C-r' is bound to the function `re-read-init-file', and `ESC [ 1 1 ~' is bound to insert the text `Function Key 1'. * Menu: * Commands For Moving:: Moving about the line. * Commands For History:: Getting at previous lines. * Commands For Text:: Commands for changing text. * Commands For Killing:: Commands for killing and yanking. * Numeric Arguments:: Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. * Commands For Completion:: Getting Readline to do the typing for you. * Miscellaneous Commands:: Other miscillaneous commands.  File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: Readline Init Syntax Commands For Moving ................... `beginning-of-line (C-a)' Move to the start of the current line. `end-of-line (C-e)' Move to the end of the line. `forward-char (C-f)' Move forward a character. `backward-char (C-b)' Move back a character. `forward-word (M-f)' Move forward to the end of the next word. `backward-word (M-b)' Move back to the start of this, or the previous, word. `clear-screen (C-l)' Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.  File: readline.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: Commands For Moving, Up: Readline Init Syntax Commands For Manipulating The History ..................................... `accept-line (Newline, Return)' Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list. If this line was a history line, then restore the history line to its original state. `previous-history (C-p)' Move `up' through the history list. `next-history (C-n)' Move `down' through the history list. `beginning-of-history (M-<)' Move to the first line in the history. `end-of-history (M->)' Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line you are entering! `reverse-search-history (C-r)' Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. `forward-search-history (C-s)' Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the the history as neccessary.  File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Text, Next: Commands For Killing, Prev: Commands For History, Up: Readline Init Syntax Commands For Changing Text .......................... `delete-char (C-d)' Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the beginning of the line, and there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not C-d, then return EOF. `backward-delete-char (Rubout)' Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric arg says to kill the characters instead of deleting them. `quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)' Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim. This is how to insert things like C-q for example. `tab-insert (M-TAB)' Insert a tab character. `self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)' Insert yourself. `transpose-chars (C-t)' Drag the character before point forward over the character at point. Point moves forward as well. If point is at the end of the line, then transpose the two characters before point. Negative args don't work. `transpose-words (M-t)' Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the cursor moving the cursor over that word as well. `upcase-word (M-u)' Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, do the previous word, but do not move point. `downcase-word (M-l)' Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, do the previous word, but do not move point. `capitalize-word (M-c)' Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, do the previous word, but do not move point.  File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Killing, Next: Numeric Arguments, Prev: Commands For Text, Up: Readline Init Syntax Killing And Yanking ................... `kill-line (C-k)' Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. `backward-kill-line ()' Kill backward to the beginning of the line. This is normally unbound. `kill-word (M-d)' Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. `backward-kill-word (M-DEL)' Kill the word behind the cursor. `unix-line-discard (C-u)' Do what C-u used to do in Unix line input. We save the killed text on the kill-ring, though. `unix-word-rubout (C-w)' Do what C-w used to do in Unix line input. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. This is different than backward-kill-word because the word boundaries differ. `yank (C-y)' Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. `yank-pop (M-y)' Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is yank or yank-pop.  File: readline.info, Node: Numeric Arguments, Next: Commands For Completion, Prev: Commands For Killing, Up: Readline Init Syntax Specifying Numeric Arguments ............................ `digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)' Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. `universal-argument ()' Do what C-u does in emacs. By default, this is not bound.  File: readline.info, Node: Commands For Completion, Next: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Numeric Arguments, Up: Readline Init Syntax Letting Readline Type For You ............................. `complete (TAB)' Attempt to do completion on the text before point. This is implementation defined. Generally, if you are typing a filename argument, you can do filename completion; if you are typing a command, you can do command completion, if you are typing in a symbol to GDB, you can do symbol name completion, if you are typing in a variable to Bash, you can do variable name completion... `possible-completions (M-?)' List the possible completions of the text before point.  File: readline.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Commands For Completion, Up: Readline Init Syntax Some Miscellaneous Commands ........................... `re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)' Read in the contents of your `~/.inputrc' file, and incorporate any bindings found there. `abort (C-g)' Ding! Stops things. `do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, ...)' Run the command that is bound to your uppercase brother. `prefix-meta (ESC)' Make the next character that you type be metafied. This is for people without a meta key. Typing `ESC f' is equivalent to typing `M-f'. `undo (C-_)' Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. `revert-line (M-r)' Undo all changes made to this line. This is like typing the `undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.  File: readline.info, Node: Readline Vi Mode, Prev: Readline Init Syntax, Up: Readline Init File Readline Vi Mode ---------------- While the Readline library does not have a full set of Vi editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line. In order to switch interactively between Emacs and Vi editing modes, use the command M-C-j (toggle-editing-mode). When you enter a line in Vi mode, you are already placed in `insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing ESC switches you into `edit' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with the standard Vi movement keys, move to previous history lines with `k', and following lines with `j', and so forth. This document describes the GNU Readline Library, a utility for aiding in the consitency of user interface across discrete programs that need to provide a command line interface. Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice pare preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation.  File: readline.info, Node: Programming with GNU Readline, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Command Line Editing, Up: Top Programming with GNU Readline ***************************** This manual describes the interface between the GNU Readline Library and user programs. If you are a programmer, and you wish to include the features found in GNU Readline in your own programs, such as completion, line editing, and interactive history manipulation, this documentation is for you. * Menu: * Default Behaviour:: Using the default behaviour of Readline. * Custom Functions:: Adding your own functions to Readline. * Custom Completers:: Supplanting or supplementing Readline's completion functions.  File: readline.info, Node: Default Behaviour, Next: Custom Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline Default Behaviour ================= Many programs provide a command line interface, such as `mail', `ftp', and `sh'. For such programs, the default behaviour of Readline is sufficient. This section describes how to use Readline in the simplest way possible, perhaps to replace calls in your code to `gets ()'. The function `readline' prints a prompt and then reads and returns a single line of text from the user. The line which `readline ()' returns is allocated with `malloc ()'; you should `free ()' the line when you are done with it. The declaration for `readline' in ANSI C is `char *readline (char *PROMPT);' So, one might say `char *line = readline ("Enter a line: ");' in order to read a line of text from the user. The line which is returned has the final newline removed, so only the text of the line remains. If readline encounters an `EOF' while reading the line, and the line is empty at that point, then `(char *)NULL' is returned. Otherwise, the line is ended just as if a newline was typed. If you want the user to be able to get at the line later, (with C-p for example), you must call `add_history ()' to save the line away in a "history" list of such lines. `add_history (line)'; For full details on the GNU History Library, see the associated manual. It is polite to avoid saving empty lines on the history list, since it is rare than someone has a burning need to reuse a blank line. Here is a function which usefully replaces the standard `gets ()' library function: /* A static variable for holding the line. */ static char *line_read = (char *)NULL; /* Read a string, and return a pointer to it. Returns NULL on EOF. */ char * do_gets () { /* If the buffer has already been allocated, return the memory to the free pool. */ if (line_read != (char *)NULL) { free (line_read); line_read = (char *)NULL; } /* Get a line from the user. */ line_read = readline (""); /* If the line has any text in it, save it on the history. */ if (line_read && *line_read) add_history (line_read); return (line_read); } The above code gives the user the default behaviour of TAB completion: completion on file names. If you do not want readline to complete on filenames, you can change the binding of the TAB key with `rl_bind_key ()'. `int rl_bind_key (int KEY, (int (*)())FUNCTION);' `rl_bind_key ()' takes 2 arguments; KEY is the character that you want to bind, and FUNCTION is the address of the function to run when KEY is pressed. Binding TAB to `rl_insert ()' makes TAB just insert itself. `rl_bind_key ()' returns non-zero if KEY is not a valid ASCII character code (between 0 and 255). `rl_bind_key ('\t', rl_insert);' This code should be executed once at the start of your program; you might write a function called `initialize_readline ()' which performs this and other desired initializations, such as installing custom completers, etc.  File: readline.info, Node: Custom Functions, Next: Custom Completers, Prev: Default Behaviour, Up: Programming with GNU Readline Custom Functions ================ Readline provides a great many functions for manipulating the text of the line. But it isn't possible to anticipate the needs of all programs. This section describes the various functions and variables defined in within the Readline library which allow a user program to add customized functionality to Readline. * Menu: * The Function Type:: C declarations to make code readable. * Function Naming:: How to give a function you write a name. * Keymaps:: Making keymaps. * Binding Keys:: Changing Keymaps. * Function Writing:: Variables and calling conventions. * Allowing Undoing:: How to make your functions undoable.  File: readline.info, Node: The Function Type, Next: Function Naming, Up: Custom Functions The Function Type ----------------- For the sake of readabilty, we declare a new type of object, called "Function". A `Function' is a C language function which returns an `int'. The type declaration for `Function' is: `typedef int Function ();' The reason for declaring this new type is to make it easier to write code describing pointers to C functions. Let us say we had a variable called FUNC which was a pointer to a function. Instead of the classic C declaration `int (*)()func;' we have `Function *func;'  File: readline.info, Node: Function Naming, Next: Keymaps, Prev: The Function Type, Up: Custom Functions Naming a Function ----------------- The user can dynamically change the bindings of keys while using Readline. This is done by representing the function with a descriptive name. The user is able to type the descriptive name when referring to the function. Thus, in an init file, one might find Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word This binds the keystroke Meta-Rubout to the function *descriptively* named `backward-kill-word'. You, as the programmer, should bind the functions you write to descriptive names as well. Readline provides a function for doing that: * Function: rl_add_defun (CHAR *NAME, FUNCTION *FUNCTION, INT KEY) Add NAME to the list of named functions. Make FUNCTION be the function that gets called. If KEY is not -1, then bind it to FUNCTION using `rl_bind_key ()'. Using this function alone is sufficient for most applications. It is the recommended way to add a few functions to the default functions that Readline has built in already. If you need to do more or different things than adding a function to Readline, you may need to use the underlying functions described below.  File: readline.info, Node: Keymaps, Next: Binding Keys, Prev: Function Naming, Up: Custom Functions Selecting a Keymap ------------------ Key bindings take place on a "keymap". The keymap is the association between the keys that the user types and the functions that get run. You can make your own keymaps, copy existing keymaps, and tell Readline which keymap to use. * Function: Keymap rl_make_bare_keymap () Returns a new, empty keymap. The space for the keymap is allocated with `malloc ()'; you should `free ()' it when you are done. * Function: Keymap rl_copy_keymap (KEYMAP MAP) Return a new keymap which is a copy of MAP. * Function: Keymap rl_make_keymap () Return a new keymap with the printing characters bound to rl_insert, the lowercase Meta characters bound to run their equivalents, and the Meta digits bound to produce numeric arguments.  File: readline.info, Node: Binding Keys, Next: Function Writing, Prev: Keymaps, Up: Custom Functions Binding Keys ------------ You associate keys with functions through the keymap. Here are functions for doing that. * Function: int rl_bind_key (INT KEY, FUNCTION *FUNCTION) Binds KEY to FUNCTION in the currently selected keymap. Returns non-zero in the case of an invalid KEY. * Function: int rl_bind_key_in_map (INT KEY, FUNCTION *FUNCTION, KEYMAP MAP) Bind KEY to FUNCTION in MAP. Returns non-zero in the case of an invalid KEY. * Function: int rl_unbind_key (INT KEY) Make KEY do nothing in the currently selected keymap. Returns non-zero in case of error. * Function: int rl_unbind_key_in_map (INT KEY, KEYMAP MAP) Make KEY be bound to the null function in MAP. Returns non-zero in case of error. * Function: rl_generic_bind (INT TYPE, CHAR *KEYSEQ, CHAR *DATA, KEYMAP MAP) Bind the key sequence represented by the string KEYSEQ to the arbitrary pointer DATA. TYPE says what kind of data is pointed to by DATA; right now this can be a function (`ISFUNC'), a macro (`ISMACR'), or a keymap (`ISKMAP'). This makes new keymaps as necessary. The initial place to do bindings is in MAP.  File: readline.info, Node: Function Writing, Next: Allowing Undoing, Prev: Binding Keys, Up: Custom Functions Writing a New Function ---------------------- In order to write new functions for Readline, you need to know the calling conventions for keyboard invoked functions, and the names of the variables that describe the current state of the line gathered so far. * Variable: char *rl_line_buffer This is the line gathered so far. You are welcome to modify the contents of this, but see Undoing, below. * Variable: int rl_point The offset of the current cursor position in RL_LINE_BUFFER. * Variable: int rl_end The number of characters present in `rl_line_buffer'. When `rl_point' is at the end of the line, then `rl_point' and `rl_end' are equal. The calling sequence for a command `foo' looks like `foo (int count, int key)' where COUNT is the numeric argument (or 1 if defaulted) and KEY is the key that invoked this function. It is completely up to the function as to what should be done with the numeric argument; some functions use it as a repeat count, other functions as a flag, and some choose to ignore it. In general, if a function uses the numeric argument as a repeat count, it should be able to do something useful with a negative argument as well as a positive argument. At the very least, it should be aware that it can be passed a negative argument.  File: readline.info, Node: Allowing Undoing, Prev: Function Writing, Up: Custom Functions Allowing Undoing ---------------- Supporting the undo command is a painless thing to do, and makes your functions much more useful to the end user. It is certainly easy to try something if you know you can undo it. I could use an undo function for the stock market. If your function simply inserts text once, or deletes text once, and it calls `rl_insert_text ()' or `rl_delete_text ()' to do it, then undoing is already done for you automatically, and you can safely skip this section. If you do multiple insertions or multiple deletions, or any combination of these operations, you should group them together into one operation. This can be done with `rl_begin_undo_group ()' and `rl_end_undo_group ()'. * Function: rl_begin_undo_group () Begins saving undo information in a group construct. The undo information usually comes from calls to `rl_insert_text ()' and `rl_delete_text ()', but they could be direct calls to `rl_add_undo ()'. * Function: rl_end_undo_group () Closes the current undo group started with `rl_begin_undo_group ()'. There should be exactly one call to `rl_end_undo_group ()' for every call to `rl_begin_undo_group ()'. Finally, if you neither insert nor delete text, but directly modify the existing text (e.g. change its case), you call `rl_modifying ()' once, just before you modify the text. You must supply the indices of the text range that you are going to modify. * Function: rl_modifying (INT START, INT END) Tell Readline to save the text between START and END as a single undo unit. It is assumed that subsequent to this call you will modify that range of text in some way. An Example ---------- Here is a function which changes lowercase characters to the uppercase equivalents, and uppercase characters to the lowercase equivalents. If this function was bound to `M-c', then typing `M-c' would change the case of the character under point. Typing `10 M-c' would change the case of the following 10 characters, leaving the cursor on the last character changed. /* Invert the case of the COUNT following characters. */ invert_case_line (count, key) int count, key; { register int start, end; start = rl_point; if (count < 0) { direction = -1; count = -count; } else direction = 1; /* Find the end of the range to modify. */ end = start + (count * direction); /* Force it to be within range. */ if (end > rl_end) end = rl_end; else if (end < 0) end = -1; if (start > end) { int temp = start; start = end; end = temp; } if (start == end) return; /* Tell readline that we are modifying the line, so save the undo information. */ rl_modifying (start, end); for (; start != end; start += direction) { if (uppercase_p (rl_line_buffer[start])) rl_line_buffer[start] = to_lower (rl_line_buffer[start]); else if (lowercase_p (rl_line_buffer[start])) rl_line_buffer[start] = to_upper (rl_line_buffer[start]); } /* Move point to on top of the last character changed. */ rl_point = end - direction; }  File: readline.info, Node: Custom Completers, Prev: Custom Functions, Up: Programming with GNU Readline Custom Completers ================= Typically, a program that reads commands from the user has a way of disambiguating commands and data. If your program is one of these, then it can provide completion for either commands, or data, or both commands and data. The following sections describe how your program and Readline cooperate to provide this service to end users. * Menu: * How Completing Works:: The logic used to do completion. * Completion Functions:: Functions provided by Readline. * Completion Variables:: Variables which control completion. * A Short Completion Example:: An example of writing completer subroutines.  File: readline.info, Node: How Completing Works, Next: Completion Functions, Up: Custom Completers How Completing Works -------------------- In order to complete some text, the full list of possible completions must be available. That is to say, it is not possible to accurately expand a partial word without knowing what all of the possible words that make sense in that context are. The GNU Readline library provides the user interface to completion, and additionally, two of the most common completion functions; filename and username. For completing other types of text, you must write your own completion function. This section describes exactly what those functions must do, and provides an example function. There are three major functions used to perform completion: 1. The user-interface function `rl_complete ()'. This function is called interactively with the same calling conventions as other functions in readline intended for interactive use; i.e. COUNT, and INVOKING-KEY. It isolates the word to be completed and calls `completion_matches ()' to generate a list of possible completions. It then either lists the possible completions or actually performs the completion, depending on which behaviour is desired. 2. The internal function `completion_matches ()' uses your "generator" function to generate the list of possible matches, and then returns the array of these matches. You should place the address of your generator function in `rl_completion_entry_function'. 3. The generator function is called repeatedly from `completion_matches ()', returning a string each time. The arguments to the generator function are TEXT and STATE. TEXT is the partial word to be completed. STATE is zero the first time the function is called, and a positive non-zero integer for each subsequent call. When the generator function returns `(char *)NULL' this signals `completion_matches ()' that there are no more possibilities left. * Function: rl_complete (INT IGNORE, INT INVOKING_KEY) Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the function that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm (see `completion_matches ()'). The default is to do filename completion. Note that `rl_complete ()' has the identical calling conventions as any other key-invokable function; this is because by default it is bound to the `TAB' key. * Variable: Function *rl_completion_entry_function This is a pointer to the generator function for `completion_matches ()'. If the value of `rl_completion_entry_function' is `(Function *)NULL' then the default filename generator function is used, namely `filename_entry_function ()'.  File: readline.info, Node: Completion Functions, Next: Completion Variables, Prev: How Completing Works, Up: Custom Completers Completion Functions -------------------- Here is the complete list of callable completion functions present in Readline. * Function: rl_complete_internal (INT WHAT_TO_DO) Complete the word at or before point. WHAT_TO_DO says what to do with the completion. A value of `?' means list the possible completions. `TAB' means do standard completion. `*' means insert all of the possible completions. * Function: rl_complete (INT IGNORE, INT INVOKING_KEY) Complete the word at or before point. You have supplied the function that does the initial simple matching selection algorithm (see `completion_matches ()'). The default is to do filename completion. This just calls `rl_complete_internal ()' with an argument of `TAB'. * Function: rl_possible_completions () List the possible completions. See description of `rl_complete ()'. This just calls `rl_complete_internal ()' with an argument of `?'. * Function: char **completion_matches (CHAR *TEXT, CHAR *(*ENTRY_FUNCTION) ()) Returns an array of `(char *)' which is a list of completions for TEXT. If there are no completions, returns `(char **)NULL'. The first entry in the returned array is the substitution for TEXT. The remaining entries are the possible completions. The array is terminated with a `NULL' pointer. ENTRY_FUNCTION is a function of two args, and returns a `(char *)'. The first argument is TEXT. The second is a state argument; it is zero on the first call, and non-zero on subsequent calls. It returns a `NULL' pointer to the caller when there are no more matches. * Function: char *filename_completion_function (CHAR *TEXT, INT STATE) A generator function for filename completion in the general case. Note that completion in the Bash shell is a little different because of all the pathnames that must be followed when looking up the completion for a command. * Function: char *username_completion_function (CHAR *TEXT, INT STATE) A completion generator for usernames. TEXT contains a partial username preceded by a random character (usually `~').  File: readline.info, Node: Completion Variables, Next: A Short Completion Example, Prev: Completion Functions, Up: Custom Completers Completion Variables -------------------- * Variable: Function *rl_completion_entry_function A pointer to the generator function for `completion_matches ()'. `NULL' means to use `filename_entry_function ()', the default filename completer. * Variable: Function *rl_attempted_completion_function A pointer to an alternative function to create matches. The function is called with TEXT, START, and END. START and END are indices in `rl_line_buffer' saying what the boundaries of TEXT are. If this function exists and returns `NULL' then `rl_complete ()' will call the value of `rl_completion_entry_function' to generate matches, otherwise the array of strings returned will be used. * Variable: int rl_completion_query_items Up to this many items will be displayed in response to a possible-completions call. After that, we ask the user if she is sure she wants to see them all. The default value is 100. * Variable: char *rl_basic_word_break_characters The basic list of characters that signal a break between words for the completer routine. The contents of this variable is what breaks words in the Bash shell, i.e. " \t\n\"\\'`@$><=;|&{(". * Variable: char *rl_completer_word_break_characters The list of characters that signal a break between words for `rl_complete_internal ()'. The default list is the contents of `rl_basic_word_break_characters'. * Variable: char *rl_special_prefixes The list of characters that are word break characters, but should be left in TEXT when it is passed to the completion function. Programs can use this to help determine what kind of completing to do. * Variable: int rl_ignore_completion_duplicates If non-zero, then disallow duplicates in the matches. Default is 1. * Variable: int rl_filename_completion_desired Non-zero means that the results of the matches are to be treated as filenames. This is *always* zero on entry, and can only be changed within a completion entry generator function. * Variable: Function *rl_ignore_some_completions_function This function, if defined, is called by the completer when real filename completion is done, after all the matching names have been generated. It is passed a `NULL' terminated array of `(char *)' known as MATCHES in the code. The 1st element (`matches[0]') is the maximal substring that is common to all matches. This function can re-arrange the list of matches as required, but each deleted element of the array must be `free()''d.  File: readline.info, Node: A Short Completion Example, Prev: Completion Variables, Up: Custom Completers A Short Completion Example -------------------------- Here is a small application demonstrating the use of the GNU Readline library. It is called `fileman', and the source code resides in `readline/examples/fileman.c'. This sample application provides completion of command names, line editing features, and access to the history list. /* fileman.c -- A tiny application which demonstrates how to use the GNU Readline library. This application interactively allows users to manipulate files and their modes. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <readline/readline.h> #include <readline/history.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/file.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <sys/errno.h> /* The names of functions that actually do the manipulation. */ int com_list (), com_view (), com_rename (), com_stat (), com_pwd (); int com_delete (), com_help (), com_cd (), com_quit (); /* A structure which contains information on the commands this program can understand. */ typedef struct { char *name; /* User printable name of the function. */ Function *func; /* Function to call to do the job. */ char *doc; /* Documentation for this function. */ } COMMAND; COMMAND commands[] = { { "cd", com_cd, "Change to directory DIR" }, { "delete", com_delete, "Delete FILE" }, { "help", com_help, "Display this text" }, { "?", com_help, "Synonym for `help'" }, { "list", com_list, "List files in DIR" }, { "ls", com_list, "Synonym for `list'" }, { "pwd", com_pwd, "Print the current working directory" }, { "quit", com_quit, "Quit using Fileman" }, { "rename", com_rename, "Rename FILE to NEWNAME" }, { "stat", com_stat, "Print out statistics on FILE" }, { "view", com_view, "View the contents of FILE" }, { (char *)NULL, (Function *)NULL, (char *)NULL } }; /* The name of this program, as taken from argv[0]. */ char *progname; /* When non-zero, this global means the user is done using this program. */ int done = 0; main (argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { progname = argv[0]; initialize_readline (); /* Bind our completer. */ /* Loop reading and executing lines until the user quits. */ while (!done) { char *line; line = readline ("FileMan: "); if (!line) { done = 1; /* Encountered EOF at top level. */ } else { /* Remove leading and trailing whitespace from the line. Then, if there is anything left, add it to the history list and execute it. */ stripwhite (line); if (*line) { add_history (line); execute_line (line); } } if (line) free (line); } exit (0); } /* Execute a command line. */ execute_line (line) char *line; { register int i; COMMAND *find_command (), *command; char *word; /* Isolate the command word. */ i = 0; while (line[i] && !whitespace (line[i])) i++; word = line; if (line[i]) line[i++] = '\0'; command = find_command (word); if (!command) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: No such command for FileMan.\n", word); return; } /* Get argument to command, if any. */ while (whitespace (line[i])) i++; word = line + i; /* Call the function. */ (*(command->func)) (word); } /* Look up NAME as the name of a command, and return a pointer to that command. Return a NULL pointer if NAME isn't a command name. */ COMMAND * find_command (name) char *name; { register int i; for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) if (strcmp (name, commands[i].name) == 0) return (&commands[i]); return ((COMMAND *)NULL); } /* Strip whitespace from the start and end of STRING. */ stripwhite (string) char *string; { register int i = 0; while (whitespace (string[i])) i++; if (i) strcpy (string, string + i); i = strlen (string) - 1; while (i > 0 && whitespace (string[i])) i--; string[++i] = '\0'; } /* **************************************************************** */ /* */ /* Interface to Readline Completion */ /* */ /* **************************************************************** */ /* Tell the GNU Readline library how to complete. We want to try to complete on command names if this is the first word in the line, or on filenames if not. */ initialize_readline () { char **fileman_completion (); /* Allow conditional parsing of the ~/.inputrc file. */ rl_readline_name = "FileMan"; /* Tell the completer that we want a crack first. */ rl_attempted_completion_function = (Function *)fileman_completion; } /* Attempt to complete on the contents of TEXT. START and END show the region of TEXT that contains the word to complete. We can use the entire line in case we want to do some simple parsing. Return the array of matches, or NULL if there aren't any. */ char ** fileman_completion (text, start, end) char *text; int start, end; { char **matches; char *command_generator (); matches = (char **)NULL; /* If this word is at the start of the line, then it is a command to complete. Otherwise it is the name of a file in the current directory. */ if (start == 0) matches = completion_matches (text, command_generator); return (matches); } /* Generator function for command completion. STATE lets us know whether to start from scratch; without any state (i.e. STATE == 0), then we start at the top of the list. */ char * command_generator (text, state) char *text; int state; { static int list_index, len; char *name; /* If this is a new word to complete, initialize now. This includes saving the length of TEXT for efficiency, and initializing the index variable to 0. */ if (!state) { list_index = 0; len = strlen (text); } /* Return the next name which partially matches from the command list. */ while (name = commands[list_index].name) { list_index++; if (strncmp (name, text, len) == 0) return (name); } /* If no names matched, then return NULL. */ return ((char *)NULL); } /* **************************************************************** */ /* */ /* FileMan Commands */ /* */ /* **************************************************************** */ /* String to pass to system (). This is for the LIST, VIEW and RENAME commands. */ static char syscom[1024]; /* List the file(s) named in arg. */ com_list (arg) char *arg; { if (!arg) arg = "*"; sprintf (syscom, "ls -FClg %s", arg); system (syscom); } com_view (arg) char *arg; { if (!valid_argument ("view", arg)) return; sprintf (syscom, "cat %s | more", arg); system (syscom); } com_rename (arg) char *arg; { too_dangerous ("rename"); } com_stat (arg) char *arg; { struct stat finfo; if (!valid_argument ("stat", arg)) return; if (stat (arg, &finfo) == -1) { perror (arg); return; } printf ("Statistics for `%s':\n", arg); printf ("%s has %d link%s, and is %d bytes in length.\n", arg, finfo.st_nlink, (finfo.st_nlink == 1) ? "" : "s", finfo.st_size); printf (" Created on: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_ctime)); printf (" Last access at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_atime)); printf ("Last modified at: %s", ctime (&finfo.st_mtime)); } com_delete (arg) char *arg; { too_dangerous ("delete"); } /* Print out help for ARG, or for all of the commands if ARG is not present. */ com_help (arg) char *arg; { register int i; int printed = 0; for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) { if (!*arg || (strcmp (arg, commands[i].name) == 0)) { printf ("%s\t\t%s.\n", commands[i].name, commands[i].doc); printed++; } } if (!printed) { printf ("No commands match `%s'. Possibilties are:\n", arg); for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) { /* Print in six columns. */ if (printed == 6) { printed = 0; printf ("\n"); } printf ("%s\t", commands[i].name); printed++; } if (printed) printf ("\n"); } } /* Change to the directory ARG. */ com_cd (arg) char *arg; { if (chdir (arg) == -1) perror (arg); com_pwd (""); } /* Print out the current working directory. */ com_pwd (ignore) char *ignore; { char dir[1024]; (void) getwd (dir); printf ("Current directory is %s\n", dir); } /* The user wishes to quit using this program. Just set DONE non-zero. */ com_quit (arg) char *arg; { done = 1; } /* Function which tells you that you can't do this. */ too_dangerous (caller) char *caller; { fprintf (stderr, "%s: Too dangerous for me to distribute. Write it yourself.\n", caller); } /* Return non-zero if ARG is a valid argument for CALLER, else print an error message and return zero. */ int valid_argument (caller, arg) char *caller, *arg; { if (!arg || !*arg) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: Argument required.\n", caller); return (0); } return (1); }  File: readline.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Programming with GNU Readline, Up: Top Concept Index ************* * Menu: * interaction, readline: Readline Interaction. * readline, function: Default Behaviour.  File: readline.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top Function and Variable Index *************************** * Menu: * Function *rl_attempted_completion_function: Completion Variables. * Function *rl_completion_entry_function: Completion Variables. * Function *rl_completion_entry_function: How Completing Works. * Function *rl_ignore_some_completions_function: Completion Variables. * Keymap rl_copy_keymap: Keymaps. * Keymap rl_make_bare_keymap: Keymaps. * Keymap rl_make_keymap: Keymaps. * abort (C-g): Miscellaneous Commands. * accept-line (Newline, Return): Commands For History. * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. * backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. * backward-kill-line (): Commands For Killing. * backward-kill-word (M-DEL): Commands For Killing. * backward-word (M-b): Commands For Moving. * beginning-of-history (M-<): Commands For History. * beginning-of-line (C-a): Commands For Moving. * capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. * char **completion_matches: Completion Functions. * char *filename_completion_function: Completion Functions. * char *rl_basic_word_break_characters: Completion Variables. * char *rl_completer_word_break_characters: Completion Variables. * char *rl_line_buffer: Function Writing. * char *rl_special_prefixes: Completion Variables. * char *username_completion_function: Completion Functions. * clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. * complete (TAB): Commands For Completion. * delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text. * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. * do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. * downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. * editing-mode: Readline Init Syntax. * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. * end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init Syntax. * int rl_bind_key: Binding Keys. * int rl_bind_key_in_map: Binding Keys. * int rl_completion_query_items: Completion Variables. * int rl_end: Function Writing. * int rl_filename_completion_desired: Completion Variables. * int rl_ignore_completion_duplicates: Completion Variables. * int rl_point: Function Writing. * int rl_unbind_key: Binding Keys. * int rl_unbind_key_in_map: Binding Keys. * kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. * kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init Syntax. * next-history (C-n): Commands For History. * possible-completions (M-?): Commands For Completion. * prefer-visible-bell: Readline Init Syntax. * prefix-meta (ESC): Miscellaneous Commands. * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. * quoted-insert (C-q, C-v): Commands For Text. * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. * readline (): Default Behaviour. * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. * rl_add_defun: Function Naming. * rl_begin_undo_group: Allowing Undoing. * rl_bind_key (): Default Behaviour. * rl_complete: How Completing Works. * rl_complete: Completion Functions. * rl_complete_internal: Completion Functions. * rl_end_undo_group: Allowing Undoing. * rl_generic_bind: Binding Keys. * rl_modifying: Allowing Undoing. * rl_possible_completions: Completion Functions. * self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. * tab-insert (M-TAB): Commands For Text. * transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. * transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. * undo (C-_): Miscellaneous Commands. * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. * unix-line-discard (C-u): Commands For Killing. * unix-word-rubout (C-w): Commands For Killing. * upcase-word (M-u): Commands For Text. * yank (C-y): Commands For Killing. * yank-pop (M-y): Commands For Killing.  Tag Table: Node: Top998 Node: Command Line Editing1611 Node: Introduction and Notation2034 Node: Readline Interaction3056 Node: Readline Bare Essentials4195 Node: Readline Movement Commands5703 Node: Readline Killing Commands6594 Node: Readline Arguments8438 Node: Readline Init File9390 Node: Readline Init Syntax10218 Node: Commands For Moving14208 Node: Commands For History14838 Node: Commands For Text15913 Node: Commands For Killing17581 Node: Numeric Arguments18708 Node: Commands For Completion19152 Node: Miscellaneous Commands19876 Node: Readline Vi Mode20718 Node: Programming with GNU Readline22328 Node: Default Behaviour23033 Node: Custom Functions26258 Node: The Function Type27057 Node: Function Naming27690 Node: Keymaps28942 Node: Binding Keys29857 Node: Function Writing31158 Node: Allowing Undoing32599 Node: Custom Completers36101 Node: How Completing Works36849 Node: Completion Functions39664 Node: Completion Variables42000 Node: A Short Completion Example44772 Node: Concept Index56398 Node: Function and Variable Index56687  End Tag Table